Port Infrastructure consists of various infrastructure elements that support a port's functioning. These include dock facilities, including loading docks, dry docks, and slipways, as well as berths, tie-downs, and other in-fill facilities for handling bulk cargo. A port has the capacity to handle a variety of vessels, including container and bulk vessels. Thus, port infrastructure also includes docks, which facilitate movement between such vessels. In addition, various other equipment and facilities are required to serve passenger and ship requirements at a port.
Various studies and surveys have been carried out on the subject of port infrastructure. These studies have also shown the effects of Port Infrastructure on the economy of a country, in particular the costs and benefits of developing such infrastructure. Moreover, it has also been noted that port infrastructure is an essential element for the development of a country. Several port development theories have been developed to help explain the evolution of Port Infrastructure. One of these models is called the Anyport concept. In this model, the development of a port is analyzed in six phases. The model is meant to provide a framework for comparing the development of different ports. Increasing the productivity and efficiency of port construction projects involves using digital technologies. The technology can be applied in several fields, including marine terminal construction, road building, renewable energy installations, and dredging. A port community system connects freight owners, ocean carriers, and logistics providers, among other stakeholders. This system can enhance the supply chain and logistics efficiency of the port. A multibeam sonar acquires 3D data of the seafloor. This data can be used to monitor the overall condition of the seafloor, as well as to assess the location of a ship. The evolution of the cruise industry brought about a paradigm shift in the focus of Port Infrastructure and associated technologies towards water-based technologies to increase efficiency and portability. Cruises are now shorter and ships have greater visibility in more ports due to better infrastructural development and better connectivity via better inland waterway transport. However, the trend of increasing containerization brought about by the increased functionality of shipping containers is also changing the focus of ports towards more onshore activities. Port Infrastructure is becoming more integrated and support near-shore as well as offshore port operations by developing integrated and flexible near-shore and offshore ports by creating flexible and cost-effective solutions for future vessel and ship types, ports, harbormasters, and regional economic growth. With the changing focus of ports toward onshore activities, there has been an increased need to upgrade infrastructure at both onshore and offshore destinations. The increased economic growth is provided by the increased containerization of goods shipping requirements. Ports are adopting more cost-effective, self-insourcing approaches to enhance the efficiency of their port infrastructure development programs. As such, the trend of inshore and offshore containerization of freight is changing the focus of ports from an inshore logistics perspective. There is a need for comprehensive long-term strategy and planning, which should address the issues of port infrastructure development to provide a sound foundation for future economic growth.
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